Pythonタートルグラフィックスを使用したスネークゲーム

Question

だから私はPython（戦艦、三目並べなど）でいくつかのゲームに取り組んでいて、今週のプロジェクトはSnakeです。基本的なセットアップが進んでいます。ヘビは動いて食べ物を食べることができますが、衝突検出やエッジから外れるようにプログラムしていません。問題は応答時間です。以下のコードを実行すると、ヘビがキーの押下に応答することがわかりますが、プレス後、いくつかのフレームと呼びますが、listen（）メソッドがどのように機能するのかよくわかりません。適切に使用していますか？そうでない場合は、どのように使用すればよいですか。遅延を修正するにはどうすればよいですか？Pygameについては知っていますが、a）python 3.4（this one http：//）の64ビットバージョンを簡単にインストールできません。 www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/#pygame インストールは簡単ではありません。whlファイルとは何ですか？）そしてb）とにかく自分自身に挑戦したいと思います。どんな助けでもいただければ幸いです。

import random
import turtle
import time


class Square:
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y

    def drawself(self, turtle):
        # draw a black box at its coordinates, leaving a small gap between cubes
        turtle.goto(self.x - 9, self.y - 9)
        turtle.begin_fill()
        for i in range(4):
            turtle.forward(18)
            turtle.left(90)
        turtle.end_fill()


class Food:
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
        self.state = "ON"

    def changelocation(self):
        # I haven't programmed it to spawn outside the snake's body yet
        self.x = random.randint(0, 20)*20 - 200
        self.y = random.randint(0, 20)*20 - 200

    def drawself(self, turtle):
        # similar to the Square drawself, but blinks on and off
        if self.state == "ON":
            turtle.goto(self.x - 9, self.y - 9)
            turtle.begin_fill()
            for i in range(4):
                turtle.forward(18)
                turtle.left(90)
            turtle.end_fill()

    def changestate(self):
        # controls the blinking
        self.state = "OFF" if self.state == "ON" else "ON"


class Snake:
    def __init__(self):
        self.headposition = [20, 0] # keeps track of where it needs to go next
        self.body = [Square(-20, 0), Square(0, 0), Square(20, 0)] # body is a list of squares
        self.nextX = 1 # tells the snake which way it's going next
        self.nextY = 0
        self.crashed = False # I'll use this when I get around to collision detection
        self.nextposition = [self.headposition[0] + 20*self.nextX,
                             self.headposition[1] + 20*self.nextY]
        # prepares the next location to add to the snake

    def moveOneStep(self):
        if Square(self.nextposition[0], self.nextposition[1]) not in self.body: 
            # attempt (unsuccessful) at collision detection
            self.body.append(Square(self.nextposition[0], self.nextposition[1])) 
            # moves the snake head to the next spot, deleting the tail
            del self.body[0]
            self.headposition[0], self.headposition[1] = self.body[-1].x, self.body[-1].y 
        # resets the head and nextposition
            self.nextposition = [self.headposition[0] + 20*self.nextX,
                                 self.headposition[1] + 20*self.nextY]
        else:
            self.crashed = True # more unsuccessful collision detection

    def moveup(self): # pretty obvious what these do
        self.nextX = 0
        self.nextY = 1

    def moveleft(self):
        self.nextX = -1
        self.nextY = 0

    def moveright(self):
        self.nextX = 1
        self.nextY = 0

    def movedown(self):
        self.nextX = 0
        self.nextY = -1

    def eatFood(self):
        # adds the next spot without deleting the tail, extending the snake by 1
        self.body.append(Square(self.nextposition[0], self.nextposition[1]))
        self.headposition[0], self.headposition[1] = self.body[-1].x, self.body[-1].y
        self.nextposition = [self.headposition[0] + 20*self.nextX,
                             self.headposition[1] + 20*self.nextY]

    def drawself(self, turtle): # draws the whole snake when called
        for segment in self.body:
            segment.drawself(turtle)


class Game:
    def __init__(self):
        # game object has a screen, a turtle, a basic snake and a food
        self.screen = turtle.Screen()
        self.artist = turtle.Turtle()
        self.artist.up()
        self.artist.hideturtle()
        self.snake = Snake()
        self.food = Food(100, 0)
        self.counter = 0 # this will be used later
        self.commandpending = False # as will this

    def nextFrame(self):
        while True: # now here's where it gets fiddly...
            game.screen.listen()
            game.screen.onkey(game.snakedown, "Down")
            game.screen.onkey(game.snakeup, "Up")
            game.screen.onkey(game.snakeleft, "Left")
            game.screen.onkey(game.snakeright, "Right")
            turtle.tracer(0) # follow it so far?
            self.artist.clear()
            if self.counter == 5: 
            # only moves to next frame every 5 loops, this was an attempt to get rid of the turning delay
                if (self.snake.nextposition[0], self.snake.nextposition[1]) == (self.food.x, self.food.y):
                    self.snake.eatFood()
                    self.food.changelocation()
                else:
                    self.snake.moveOneStep()
                self.counter = 0
            else:
                self.counter += 1
            self.food.changestate() # makes the food flash
            self.food.drawself(self.artist) # show the food and snake
            self.snake.drawself(self.artist)
            turtle.update()
            self.commandpending = False
            time.sleep(0.05)

    def snakeup(self):
        print("going up") # put this in for debugging purposes
        if not self.commandpending: 
        # should allow only one turn each frame; I don't think it's working
            self.snake.moveup()
            self.commandpending = True

    def snakedown(self):
        print("going down")
        if not self.commandpending:
            self.snake.movedown()
            self.commandpending = True

    def snakeleft(self):
        print("going left")
        if not self.commandpending:
            self.snake.moveleft()
            self.commandpending = True

    def snakeright(self):
        print("going right")
        if not self.commandpending:
            self.snake.moveright()
            self.commandpending = True


game = Game()
game.nextFrame()
print("game over!")

game.screen.mainloop()

Answer 1

タートルコードで_while True:_（sans break）を使用するときはいつでも、イベントハンドラーを打ち負かしています。代わりに、ontimer()イベントを使用して、イベントハンドラーと互換性のあるコードを実行する必要があります。以下は、これを行うためのコードの書き直しと、その他の機能およびスタイルの調整です。

_from turtle import Turtle, Screen
import random
import time

SIZE = 20

class Square:
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y

    def drawself(self, turtle):
        """ draw a black box at its coordinates, leaving a small gap between cubes """

        turtle.goto(self.x - SIZE // 2 - 1, self.y - SIZE // 2 - 1)

        turtle.begin_fill()
        for _ in range(4):
            turtle.forward(SIZE - SIZE // 10)
            turtle.left(90)
        turtle.end_fill()

class Food:
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
        self.is_blinking = True

    def changelocation(self):
        # I haven't programmed it to spawn outside the snake's body yet
        self.x = random.randint(0, SIZE) * SIZE - 200
        self.y = random.randint(0, SIZE) * SIZE - 200

    def drawself(self, turtle):
        # similar to the Square drawself, but blinks on and off
        if self.is_blinking:
            turtle.goto(self.x - SIZE // 2 - 1, self.y - SIZE // 2 - 1)
            turtle.begin_fill()
            for _ in range(4):
                turtle.forward(SIZE - SIZE // 10)
                turtle.left(90)
            turtle.end_fill()

    def changestate(self):
        # controls the blinking
        self.is_blinking = not self.is_blinking

class Snake:
    def __init__(self):
        self.headposition = [SIZE, 0]  # keeps track of where it needs to go next
        self.body = [Square(-SIZE, 0), Square(0, 0), Square(SIZE, 0)]  # body is a list of squares
        self.nextX = 1  # tells the snake which way it's going next
        self.nextY = 0
        self.crashed = False  # I'll use this when I get around to collision detection
        self.nextposition = [self.headposition[0] + SIZE * self.nextX, self.headposition[1] + SIZE * self.nextY]
        # prepares the next location to add to the snake

    def moveOneStep(self):
        if Square(self.nextposition[0], self.nextposition[1]) not in self.body: 
            # attempt (unsuccessful) at collision detection
            self.body.append(Square(self.nextposition[0], self.nextposition[1])) 
            # moves the snake head to the next spot, deleting the tail
            del self.body[0]
            self.headposition[0], self.headposition[1] = self.body[-1].x, self.body[-1].y 
            # resets the head and nextposition
            self.nextposition = [self.headposition[0] + SIZE * self.nextX, self.headposition[1] + SIZE * self.nextY]
        else:
            self.crashed = True  # more unsuccessful collision detection

    def moveup(self):  # pretty obvious what these do
        self.nextX, self.nextY = 0, 1

    def moveleft(self):
        self.nextX, self.nextY = -1, 0

    def moveright(self):
        self.nextX, self.nextY = 1, 0

    def movedown(self):
        self.nextX, self.nextY = 0, -1

    def eatFood(self):
        # adds the next spot without deleting the tail, extending the snake by 1
        self.body.append(Square(self.nextposition[0], self.nextposition[1]))
        self.headposition[0], self.headposition[1] = self.body[-1].x, self.body[-1].y
        self.nextposition = [self.headposition[0] + SIZE * self.nextX, self.headposition[1] + SIZE * self.nextY]

    def drawself(self, turtle):  # draws the whole snake when called
        for segment in self.body:
            segment.drawself(turtle)

class Game:
    def __init__(self):
        # game object has a screen, a turtle, a basic snake and a food
        self.screen = Screen()
        self.artist = Turtle(visible=False)
        self.artist.up()
        self.artist.speed("slowest")

        self.snake = Snake()
        self.food = Food(100, 0)
        self.counter = 0  # this will be used later
        self.commandpending = False  # as will this

        self.screen.tracer(0)  # follow it so far?

        self.screen.listen()
        self.screen.onkey(self.snakedown, "Down")
        self.screen.onkey(self.snakeup, "Up")
        self.screen.onkey(self.snakeleft, "Left")
        self.screen.onkey(self.snakeright, "Right")

    def nextFrame(self):
        self.artist.clear()

        if (self.snake.nextposition[0], self.snake.nextposition[1]) == (self.food.x, self.food.y):
            self.snake.eatFood()
            self.food.changelocation()
        else:
            self.snake.moveOneStep()

        if self.counter == 10:
            self.food.changestate()  # makes the food flash slowly
            self.counter = 0
        else:
            self.counter += 1

        self.food.drawself(self.artist)  # show the food and snake
        self.snake.drawself(self.artist)
        self.screen.update()
        self.screen.ontimer(lambda: self.nextFrame(), 100)

    def snakeup(self):
        if not self.commandpending: 
            self.commandpending = True
            self.snake.moveup()
            self.commandpending = False

    def snakedown(self):
        if not self.commandpending:
            self.commandpending = True
            self.snake.movedown()
            self.commandpending = False

    def snakeleft(self):
        if not self.commandpending:
            self.commandpending = True
            self.snake.moveleft()
            self.commandpending = False

    def snakeright(self):
        if not self.commandpending:
            self.commandpending = True
            self.snake.moveright()
            self.commandpending = False

game = Game()

screen = Screen()

screen.ontimer(lambda: game.nextFrame(), 100)

screen.mainloop()
_

これはあなたが探している種類の応答を提供しますか？

Answer 2

このようにスピーディーなゲームを作るのはおそらく挑戦です（しかしそれはすべて悪いわけではありません）。 listen()はonkey()sの後に続くべきだと思います。

また、重複したコードをすべて取り除くことも検討する必要があります。コピー/貼り付けしてから変更するのは、短期的には簡単に思えるかもしれません。ただし、（フォーラムで質問した後のように）大きな変更を加える必要がある場合は、面倒でエラーが発生しやすくなります。

PS（EDIT）また、Snake.moveOneStep（）メソッドは、自己衝突をチェックするためだけにSquareの新しいインスタンスを作成します。これは、優雅さのために贅沢なようです。 python（ho、ho）がチェックスルーできる場所のリストを保持することをお勧めします（これとは別に、おそらく機能しません。print(Square(1,2) in [Square(1,2)])を試してください）

def check_self_collision(self, x, y):
  for s in self.body:
    if s.x == x and s.y == y:
      return False
  return True

def moveOneStep(self):
    if self.check_self_collision(self.nextposition[0], self.nextposition[1]): 
        # attempt (unsuccessful) at collision detection
        self.body.append(Square(self.nextposition[0], self.nextposition[1]))